/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.commons.math3.distribution;

import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.NotStrictlyPositiveException;
import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.util.LocalizedFormats;
import org.apache.commons.math3.random.RandomGenerator;
import org.apache.commons.math3.random.Well19937c;
import org.apache.commons.math3.special.Beta;
import org.apache.commons.math3.special.Gamma;
import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;

/**
 * Implementation of Student's t-distribution.
 *
 * @see "<a href='http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student&apos;s_t-distribution'>Student's
 *     t-distribution (Wikipedia)</a>"
 * @see "<a href='http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Studentst-Distribution.html'>Student's t-distribution
 *     (MathWorld)</a>"
 */
public class TDistribution extends AbstractRealDistribution {
    /**
     * Default inverse cumulative probability accuracy.
     *
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public static final double DEFAULT_INVERSE_ABSOLUTE_ACCURACY = 1e-9;

    /** Serializable version identifier */
    private static final long serialVersionUID = -5852615386664158222L;

    /** The degrees of freedom. */
    private final double degreesOfFreedom;

    /** Inverse cumulative probability accuracy. */
    private final double solverAbsoluteAccuracy;

    /** Static computation factor based on degreesOfFreedom. */
    private final double factor;

    /**
     * Create a t distribution using the given degrees of freedom.
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b> this constructor will implicitly create an instance of {@link Well19937c} as
     * random generator to be used for sampling only (see {@link #sample()} and {@link
     * #sample(int)}). In case no sampling is needed for the created distribution, it is advised to
     * pass {@code null} as random generator via the appropriate constructors to avoid the
     * additional initialisation overhead.
     *
     * @param degreesOfFreedom Degrees of freedom.
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code degreesOfFreedom <= 0}
     */
    public TDistribution(double degreesOfFreedom) throws NotStrictlyPositiveException {
        this(degreesOfFreedom, DEFAULT_INVERSE_ABSOLUTE_ACCURACY);
    }

    /**
     * Create a t distribution using the given degrees of freedom and the specified inverse
     * cumulative probability absolute accuracy.
     *
     * <p><b>Note:</b> this constructor will implicitly create an instance of {@link Well19937c} as
     * random generator to be used for sampling only (see {@link #sample()} and {@link
     * #sample(int)}). In case no sampling is needed for the created distribution, it is advised to
     * pass {@code null} as random generator via the appropriate constructors to avoid the
     * additional initialisation overhead.
     *
     * @param degreesOfFreedom Degrees of freedom.
     * @param inverseCumAccuracy the maximum absolute error in inverse cumulative probability
     *     estimates (defaults to {@link #DEFAULT_INVERSE_ABSOLUTE_ACCURACY}).
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code degreesOfFreedom <= 0}
     * @since 2.1
     */
    public TDistribution(double degreesOfFreedom, double inverseCumAccuracy)
            throws NotStrictlyPositiveException {
        this(new Well19937c(), degreesOfFreedom, inverseCumAccuracy);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a t distribution.
     *
     * @param rng Random number generator.
     * @param degreesOfFreedom Degrees of freedom.
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code degreesOfFreedom <= 0}
     * @since 3.3
     */
    public TDistribution(RandomGenerator rng, double degreesOfFreedom)
            throws NotStrictlyPositiveException {
        this(rng, degreesOfFreedom, DEFAULT_INVERSE_ABSOLUTE_ACCURACY);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a t distribution.
     *
     * @param rng Random number generator.
     * @param degreesOfFreedom Degrees of freedom.
     * @param inverseCumAccuracy the maximum absolute error in inverse cumulative probability
     *     estimates (defaults to {@link #DEFAULT_INVERSE_ABSOLUTE_ACCURACY}).
     * @throws NotStrictlyPositiveException if {@code degreesOfFreedom <= 0}
     * @since 3.1
     */
    public TDistribution(RandomGenerator rng, double degreesOfFreedom, double inverseCumAccuracy)
            throws NotStrictlyPositiveException {
        super(rng);

        if (degreesOfFreedom <= 0) {
            throw new NotStrictlyPositiveException(
                    LocalizedFormats.DEGREES_OF_FREEDOM, degreesOfFreedom);
        }
        this.degreesOfFreedom = degreesOfFreedom;
        solverAbsoluteAccuracy = inverseCumAccuracy;

        final double n = degreesOfFreedom;
        final double nPlus1Over2 = (n + 1) / 2;
        factor =
                Gamma.logGamma(nPlus1Over2)
                        - 0.5 * (FastMath.log(FastMath.PI) + FastMath.log(n))
                        - Gamma.logGamma(n / 2);
    }

    /**
     * Access the degrees of freedom.
     *
     * @return the degrees of freedom.
     */
    public double getDegreesOfFreedom() {
        return degreesOfFreedom;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public double density(double x) {
        return FastMath.exp(logDensity(x));
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    public double logDensity(double x) {
        final double n = degreesOfFreedom;
        final double nPlus1Over2 = (n + 1) / 2;
        return factor - nPlus1Over2 * FastMath.log(1 + x * x / n);
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public double cumulativeProbability(double x) {
        double ret;
        if (x == 0) {
            ret = 0.5;
        } else {
            double t =
                    Beta.regularizedBeta(
                            degreesOfFreedom / (degreesOfFreedom + (x * x)),
                            0.5 * degreesOfFreedom,
                            0.5);
            if (x < 0.0) {
                ret = 0.5 * t;
            } else {
                ret = 1.0 - 0.5 * t;
            }
        }

        return ret;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    @Override
    protected double getSolverAbsoluteAccuracy() {
        return solverAbsoluteAccuracy;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * <p>For degrees of freedom parameter {@code df}, the mean is
     *
     * <ul>
     *   <li>if {@code df > 1} then {@code 0},
     *   <li>else undefined ({@code Double.NaN}).
     * </ul>
     */
    public double getNumericalMean() {
        final double df = getDegreesOfFreedom();

        if (df > 1) {
            return 0;
        }

        return Double.NaN;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * <p>For degrees of freedom parameter {@code df}, the variance is
     *
     * <ul>
     *   <li>if {@code df > 2} then {@code df / (df - 2)},
     *   <li>if {@code 1 < df <= 2} then positive infinity ({@code Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY}),
     *   <li>else undefined ({@code Double.NaN}).
     * </ul>
     */
    public double getNumericalVariance() {
        final double df = getDegreesOfFreedom();

        if (df > 2) {
            return df / (df - 2);
        }

        if (df > 1 && df <= 2) {
            return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
        }

        return Double.NaN;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * <p>The lower bound of the support is always negative infinity no matter the parameters.
     *
     * @return lower bound of the support (always {@code Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY})
     */
    public double getSupportLowerBound() {
        return Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * <p>The upper bound of the support is always positive infinity no matter the parameters.
     *
     * @return upper bound of the support (always {@code Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY})
     */
    public double getSupportUpperBound() {
        return Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public boolean isSupportLowerBoundInclusive() {
        return false;
    }

    /** {@inheritDoc} */
    public boolean isSupportUpperBoundInclusive() {
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * {@inheritDoc}
     *
     * <p>The support of this distribution is connected.
     *
     * @return {@code true}
     */
    public boolean isSupportConnected() {
        return true;
    }
}